Medical Marijuana, The Truth!
39, the clinical medical knowledge that masters according to place, list standard of 3 kinds of gold, explain the implication of golden standard.
Golden standard is to show the standard of a kind of disease diagnoses a method, it should be bound of current medical science is accepted, the reliable diagnostic method that diagnoses some disease, apply this standard to be able to distinguish more correctly the person that has some kind of disease and the person that do not have this disease. Different disease has different golden level, for instance... .
Want to evaluate an experiment method, the choice of golden standard is very important, one diagnoses the exact extent of the experiment, the patient that diagnoses in golden standard only undertakes assessing in group and blame patient group, ability receives true opinion.
40, the definition of the commonly used index that shows diagnostic experiment authenticity, reach its and by accident the relation of examine and leakage examine.
(1) sensitivity. Sensitivity ＝ (true positive / (holiday of really electropositive ＋ is electronegative) ) ×100%
Sensitivity is to show in truly sick philtrum test result shows positive percentage, namely really positive rate. Sensitivity expresses experiment method to give ability to the check of the disease, sensitivity is taller, demonstrative method gives ability to the check of the disease stronger, chance of patient leakage examine is less.
(2) distinctive degree. Distinctive spend ＝ 1 - sensitivity ＝ (false negative / (holiday of really electropositive ＋ is electronegative) ) ×100%
Distinctive spending is to show in the philtrum that does not have disease test result shows electronegative percentage, namely really negative rate. Distinctive degree of check that states experiment method is ill to notting have give ability, distinctive degree taller, the ability that explains judgement patient does not have disease is stronger, the person that do not have disease by by accident the chance of examine is less.
Other index still has index of likelihood comparing, Youden to wait, with the diagnostic value discretion that diagnoses a method at farther judgement.
41, does experiment of parallel test, series have He Te dot to reach its to distinguish?
Parallel test is to point to do a few tests at the same time, want to have positive of result of a test only, the result is sentenced for masculine gender. Parallel test can heighten sensitivity, but reduced distinctive degree;
Series experiment is to show a few experiments are medium, want to have negative of result of a test only, the result is sentenced for negative, only all results are electropositive when, ability is sentenced for sick. Series experiment can rise distinctive degree, but reduced sensitivity.
Above experiments two kinds to attribute associated test, it is a kind of diagnostic method cannot satisfy sensitivity or distinctive the method that when spending a requirement, uses. Distinction depends on clinical on applied circumstance: Plant when some disease needs the diagnostic experiment with a kind of very high sensitivity, and when still having a kind of experiment to be able to satisfy a requirement at present, can adopt the experiment with a few kinds of not quite high sensitivity to have parallel test in order to heighten sensitivity; Manage together, should ask distinctive when spending tall and active method to cannot be satisfied, can undertake with series connection of a few kinds of diagnostic methods series experiments in order to rise distinctive degree.
42, some experiment method is in clinical on examine the effect is very good, but when be being used at crowd disease to sift check, the effect often is paid no attention to want, what are its? How to rise examine efficiency?
Be aimed at the subject, masculine gender forecasts a value to be able to be mirrorred roughly clinical examine the stand or fall of the effect. Sicken rate calculates a value to masculine gender the impact is very big, both shows positive to close, suffer the sicken that tries a crowd rate is lower, masculine gender calculates a value lower, vice versa. As common sense, the average crowd that the sicken rate of the crowd that sees a doctor to the hospital affirms to outclass undertakes sifting checking, reason should diagnose a method to be used at former effect ideal, use at latter to be differred.
Rise commonly usedly examine the method of benefit has:
(1) the target that chooses more appropriate method and index to all choose objective, standardization, ration, when many index offer an alternative, the basis is sensitivity, distinctive degree will choose.
(2) the crowd with choice sicken higher rate undertakes checking. Specific means has the crowd that establishs crowd of tall danger of specialized subject outpatient service, choice, choice to have special and clinical show to wait. When target crowd is too large, can sift first check reexamination.
(3) use associated test, in order to rise distinctive spend or sensitivity. Parallel test of commonly used means and series (establish ties) experiment, former and OK heighten sensitivity but reduce distinctive degree, latter and contrary, rise distinctive degree, reduce sensitivity.
43, does the statistic of data of medical scientific research conclude what content to include? Whether all research needs to do statistic to conclude?
Studying the statistic of the data to conclude is to point to a basis of example will conclude overall animal sacrifice, comprise two important facets: Parameter estimates and examine suppose. Former it is to show with example statistic the capacity estimates overall parameter, latter is come to two distinguish with certain probability or of two above overall all count consistent. In medical scientific research, sampling process contains in always studying measure, all want to do statistic to conclude, but a few research is like census, those who do not have sampling process, research is overall, reason need not do statistic to conclude.
44, are the affirmatory method with the bilateral sheet in estimation of scope of medical reference value and the affirmatory method with the bilateral sheet in examining suppose same? Do its decide what the basis is?
Both in statistical significance it is to have a difference, but basic on the affirmatory method in be being operated actually it is consistent, it is according to professional medical knowledge comes beforehand set. For instance, when the reference of content of lead of set make water is worth, we can use odd side, consider only namely exorbitant be danger, and the referenced value of vital capacity is contrary, had considered only low be danger, also be odd side, clinical of course go up most circumstance is exorbitant too low abnormal, in be being operated actually bilateral hold great majority. Manage together, in examining suppose, odd side should be certainly above all before undertaking assuming examining examine or bilateral examine. If analytic purpose depends on deciding both have indiscriminate, also do not know what whoes greatly beforehand small or what good what is bad, use bilateral examine, if analytic purpose depends on deciding who is big who is small, and had known what whoes greatly beforehand small or what good what is bad, with respect to use sheet side examines.
45, what aspect should the magic art of hypothesis check proved recipe that chooses scientific research data consider?
The size of content of the type that studies data of purpose, research, design type, example and foregone condition
46, what narrate variance analysis please is basic with applied condition
The basic idea of variance analysis is, decompose the total mutation of all data into a few parts, have the variation of each parts comparative next.
In only factor variance analysis, total mutation can be divided into inter block mutation and across block mutation two parts. Among them, the generation reason that always mutates is processing element is mixed measure an error randomly, across block mutation includes to handle element and measure an error randomly, inter block mutation originates only measure an error randomly. Pass variance and the computation that spend freely, if across block mean square is apparent,be more than inter block finally square, namely across block mutation is ambitious mutate at inter block, we think across block difference is not all by measure an error to form randomly, handle the difference that create to have statistical sense namely.
On the foundation of only factor variance analysis, we are in further, can undertake variance analysis to all sorts of much element experiments.
Experimental data uses variance analysis, the postulate that should satisfy is: Experimental data error has neat sex of independent character, unbiasedness, variance, normal state sex.
47, ask distinction to narrate sexual document overview and systematic overview
Content
Narrate sexual document overview
Systematic overview
The problem of research
Involved range constant more extensive
Often center at clinical some problem
Original document origin
Often did not explain, not comprehensive
Clear, often be much channel
Retrieve means
Often did not explain
Have clear retrieval politic
The choice of original document
Often did not explain
Have specific choice level
The evaluation of original document
Assessment technique is skimble-scamble
Have strict assessment technique
The synthesis of the result
Use qualitative method more
Use mensurable method more
Of conclusion conclude
Abide by research basis basis sometimes
Abide by research basis more
Of the result newer
Did not update regularly
Undertake updating according to new basis regularly
48, what is meant by a paper 3 element?
Argument, argument, argumentation
49, summarize paper of science and technology basic structure and requirement of each part compose
Scientific research paper keeps share of the cent on the format in the book: Buy part, theme part is mixed before appendix part. The specific content of departmental cent and relevant requirement are:
Structure
Requirement
Before buy part
Title
Specific, concise, exact, and have a characteristic
Author
Can be individual or collective, the individual signs should add working unit, collective signs should have newsletter writer, author sort basis contributes bulk, specific and referenced notice to contributors
Content summary
Have opposite independent character, can apply alone. Should include the decisive data data of the paper, strictly avoid is not specific, expensive in fine. Chinese magazine often asks the summary cent is purpose, method, result, conclusion 4 parts
Keyword
Mark is brought accurate with comprehensive, use MeSH place to list a vocabulary as far as possible
Main body part
Introductive
On content without preamble, strive speak on good grounds, outstanding basis establishing a problem, draft innovation dot, theory and practice meaning
Material and method
The logic that studies the description of the process uses research to work is ordinal, it is variable of element of target of accurate description research, research technique, experiment and level, reaction, important to reach statistical method to wait content.
Result
It is article core part. Requirement target is specific reliable, data is accurate without by accident, the character describes talk design of Jian Yiming, chart is correct and reasonable, , avoid by all means is without enumerate of administrative levels ground, put an end to content of sexes of any suggestive, proposal, conjectural sex, comment sex, must with discussion entirely different.
Discuss
Cannot general interview, want to part with the result, inference of avoid by all means is beyond the mark and denotative, want to be a foundation with a large number of document, the viewpoint of one divides into two. Conclusion can be attributed to this one part, also but only kind.
Express one‘s thanks to
It is all along before bibliographical reference, cannot exaggerate or narrow
Bibliographical reference
Indispensable part. Answer to read the newest document that pass personally for the author, do not get quote from a secondary source all along. Write should accord with corresponding standard, the amount is unfavorable and overmuch, unfavorable cite schoolbook.
The paper that finish or contribute date
The requirement is accurate.
Appendix part
Graph, watch, photograph
The design of watch, graph ought to correct and reasonable, compendious clarity, avoid to repeat with trival, want to have title. The watch should start to talk, the photograph wants size appropriate.
Add: Examination questions is referenced 2006 the answer
One, ABCAB of of of the odd ADDCC that choose
2, of fill a vacancy 1, research of academic sex of of research of sex of experiment of of observation sex research
2, pure and random sample statified sampling system sampling cluster sampling
3, inter block of mutation of total mutation across block mutates
3, slightly
4, computation (1) case of illness contrasts research, the case of illness that match contrasts research
(2) contrast to basically expose element, jumbly element in wanting to be able to represent a confluence to wait publish a feature. Have to coordinate representative and can compare a gender.
(3) in the subject, first selection analysis: Group of case of illness (take estrogen) with contrast group (did not take) expose rate have without significance difference; If expose,lead have statistical difference, calculate then expose the associated intensity with the disease, be worth judgement from OR, OR value is more than 1, explain both has more powerful connection.
(4) conclusion one, the exposure of two groups of crowds is led have statistical difference.
Conclusion 2, the sicken rate of cancer of the film inside the uterus of two groups of crowds is different, the woman sicken rate that the woman of menopause use estrogen passes than was not being used is high, from OR the value can see, woman menopause use estrogen and suffer from cancer of the film inside the uterus to have more powerful connection.
(attention, OR value calculation is simple, oneself calculate: 7.53 ﹥ of OR ＝ 113/15 ＝ 1)
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